Global Chinese Culture
Chinese press and blog circles frequently have uproars over small matters; a recent example was the translation of “行百里者半九十”, quoted by Premier Wen in a speech; (the quotation was from a document of the Warring States era) the interpreter translated it into
–Half of the people who have embarked on a one hundred mile journey may fall by the way side.
Many disagree; some came up with
–90% is only half done.
which undoubtedly reflects the essence of the quote in summary form: half the people would only complete 90 out of 100 miles because the last 10 are the hardest part.
You can say that the two translations deviate from the original meaning in opposite directions, but neither is “wrong”, and which one works better depends on context, on the specific issue the speaker is addressing. The matter is not worth the fuss made about it. Presumably, if the interpreter had not been a young woman, people would not have focused on this issue in that manner.
The other current uproar concerns an old PhD thesis 《反抗绝望》by 汪晖 of Qinghua University; a professor at Nanjing University, 王彬彬, pointed out that it contains various passages that are very similar to certain contents of other authors’ works or are translations from foreign authors, and these had been used without appropriate citation; others have since found more such items.
While these do violate strict rules of academic writing as generally required today, it is not at all clear to me that the historical issue is worthy of a riot. The thesis was subsequently published as a book, with revisions, in several editions, and some of these are still available for sale. Its current availability makes little difference, however, as books written for general readers are usually not required to observe the same academic standards that are applicable to PhD theses.
In summary, who says the Chinese people are placid? Not long ago, the websphere got all excited about some pornographic photos of a car exhibition model, presumably posted by a disgruntled ex-boyfriend. It is so nice to see them interested in matters of literature instead.
Chung Kwong
April 8th, 2010 at 9:00 am
In case you think I am downplaying the issue of academic standards in China, I have to say this bluntly: plagiarism is a serious problem in China’s education, research and literary circles; not only are re-writings and straightforward lifting prevalent, such acts are not even seriously condemned (maybe condemned as a form of political correctness and used as a tool of debate, but much less in thought that results in action – or inaction, not committing plagiarism). One even gets the feeling that, more commonly, people think using copying cleverly, in order to satisfy the requirements of examiners, promotion committees and book buyers, is a form of art, to be commended for cleverness when done well. “Academic standards” is more often thought of as a western import, brought home by overseas returnees, or even a form of cultural imperialism. Even the exact concept of “plagiarism” is only vaguely understood. Bloggers would often trade charges of plagiarism “you used this material from that source” “your stuff was translation from that foreign book” without bothering to be concerned about such issues as citation, textual identity, etc.
Western academia require students working for research degrees to write theses displaying original content, in order to prove they have the capacity for independent research. Even undergrads are warned against plagiarism because universities aim to develop the ability to think individually, so that college graduates could show creativity and generate improvements in their working life. Further, the intellectual circle as a whole is expected to act as an independent critic in society, exercising the power of commentary and introspection on authority and leaders of all spheres. It is perhaps to be expected that such ideas are not applicable in all cultures, and convenient modifications might be necessary to fit into the particular social model of a particular country.
At the same time, independent thinking seems to be less valued in the west today than it used to be. If we take economics as the example, Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz discussed in his new book Freefall the 2008 financial crisis, and said that Economics used to be a rigorous academic discipline, but today’s economists seem to be more like cheerleaders of the business circle than independent critics. Prominent economists like Greenspan, Summers and Bernanke worked in the US government for many years, but whether they acted as independent critics of Wall Street is very much open to question.
Why?Paul Krugman wrote in an old article
THE MERCEDES MENACE http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/mercedes.html
that, in the previous few years while he worked at Stanford he saw many expensive cars, including some in the Stanford faculty carparks; after moving to MIT, he saw much fewer of these, but the number was increasing. Obviously there are far more expensive cars in Stanford and MIT faculty carparks these days than when he wrote the article.
Professors are richer now because their role in society has changed. People expect, almost demand, that they invent electronic, IT, biotech and other products to meet the needs of consumers, or service business in other ways, in order to gain wealth and fame. Professors who do not make much money are not given extra respect for their unworldliness and scholarship, but are more likely to be suspected as being not very smart. If Karl Marx were alive today, he would probably be a computer game programmer earning millions in stock options, not a penniless author. Professors who hold endowed chairs funded by generous donors, give speeches at corporate and industry association banquets for a fee, receive consultation assignments from business and government clients, or own high tech startups with venture capitalists, might think twice before speaking their minds as independent critics.
The opening up of China occurred after such changes had already taken place in the western academia. It imported the new thoughts. Traditional western academic concepts are having difficulty taking root.
(Those who read Chinese might be interested in some related discussions at http://sinazen.com/research )
Chung Kwong
June 11th, 2010 at 6:51 pm
After the uproars about translations and rewritngs, during the previous month the Chinese blogsphere was busy discussing Foxconn, a large Taiwan manufacturer with 600,000 workers in Shenzhen alone, that assembles high tech consumer products, such as iPad, iPhone, laptops, etc, for (mainly) US corporations such as Apple, Hewlett Packard, Dell, etc. It is renowned for its efficiency and speed – and its well organized physical infrastructure. Workers are housed in well built dormatories in its huge compound, complete with cafeteria (meals and lodging are both provided as part of the remuneration package), shops, banks, exercise rooms and swimming pools. However, a series of worker suicides occurred in the compound in the last few months, leading to inconclusive investigations of what caused them, and a final decision to more than double the workers’ basic salary in order to improve morale. Foxconn has indicated that Apple would contribute a small part of its future profit to help out.
It is possible to praise these companies for decisiveness and generosity; it is also possible to say that they have been severely underpaying workers and earning excessive profits, and the change is long overdue. I have no wish to take a position on this, but prefer to see whether this indicates a general trend for China’s future development.
A general rise in salary increases consumer demand, so that instead of concentrating on export, companies like Foxconn, which undertakes contract production for foreign consumer companies, and Haier or Huaiwei, which market their own products overseas, can sell more in the Chinese domestic market. Various logistic issues would need to be worked out; whereas shipping goods overseas, despite the need for customs and other procedures, is a well established process for Chinese companies, sending goods across provincial boundaries via the domostic rail and road networks is actually a more complex process because of various jurisdictional requirements. Financial settlements and licensing procedures also need to be worked out. In the mean time, small manufacturers in the same regions where Foxconn operates as well as elsewhere will find it increasing difficult to recruit workers and pay them competitive salaries. Some of the Taiwan and Hongkong investors may well decide to locate elsewhere.
The multi facet transformation may have the same great impact on Chinese society that was produced by the previous decade of export oriented development.
ejaz14357
June 17th, 2010 at 6:07 pm
It is also possible to say that they have been severely underpaying workers and earning excessive profits, and the change is long overdue. I have no wish to take a position on this, but prefer to see whether this indicates a general trend for China’s future development.